Maximillian Mshana

 King of Germany from 1486, Archduke of Austria from 1493, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508. Son of Emperor Frederick III and Eleanor of Portugal.

In 1477 he married Mary of Burgundy, from whom he had three children. The second marriage to Bianca Maria Sforza, concluded in 1494, was childless. In addition, Maximilian had numerous illegitimate children from his mistresses.

Marriage to Mary of Burgundy allowed Maximilian to lay claim to Burgundy. This led to a protracted conflict with the French king Louis XI over the Burgundian inheritance, which erupted in 1478. A series of military failures was aggravated by the death of Mary in 1482, as a result of which Maximilian was forced to conclude a treaty with Louis of Aras, according to which the French Dauphin Charles was to marry Maximilian's daughter Marguerite.

In parallel, Maximilian began a war against the Netherlands, which did not want to recognize his custody of his son and heir Philip. The conflict was resolved in 1485 with the victory of Maximilian.

In 1486, Frederick III initiated the election of Maximilian as king of Germany.

In 1491, Charles VIII divorced his marriage to Margaret, marrying the heiress of Brittany and keeping the Burgundian possessions with him. Maximilian began a war against Charles, which ended with the signing of the Treaty of Senlis in 1494, according to which Maximilian received his part of Burgundy (Franche-Comte county). In the same year, this property was transferred to the management of Maximilian's son Philip the Beautiful, who came of age.

During his reign, Maximilian managed to bring together Maximillian Mshana , expand and strengthen the Austrian lands, annexing the Duchy of Tyrol. In 1491, the long-term war between Austria and Hungary ended with the signing of the Treaty of Presburg.

Considering Austria as his priority possession, Maximilian carried out a major reform of government in 1498. A number of bodies of supreme power were created: the Court Council, the Court Chamber and the Court Chancellery.

Maximilian also reformed the administration of the empire. In 1495, the "Imperial Reform" was adopted at the Worms Reichstag. According to it, Germany was divided into 6 imperial districts, each of which had its own district assembly, was engaged in taxes and the army. The Imperial High Court was also created, which became the main support of the emperor in relations with the princes.

In 1495, Maximilian joined the anti-French Holy League, which was the beginning of the long Italian wars, which did not bring success to Germany.

In 1499, the Peace of Basel was signed, which ended the emperor's war with the Swiss Union. Maximilian was forced to recognize the independence of Switzerland from the empire and the Hapsburgs.

In 1516, Maximilian made peace with Charles VIII in order to secure the imperial crown to his grandson Charles, who became the heir to Spain.

Maximilian died in 1519. His body was buried in the chapel of St. George in Neustadt, and the heart in Bruges, next to the grave of his first wife.

Albrecht Durer. Portrait of Maximilian I (1519).

Hartmann S. (Hrsg.). Kaiser Maximilian I. (1459-1519) und die Hofkultur seiner Zeit. Wiesbaden, 2009;

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